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We also assumed that electrical heating rate is zero outside the fluid jet.
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The samples were heated to the desired temperature (100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 400°C) using an electrical furnace with a heating rate of 5°C/min in ambient air and treated for 1 h.
A central composite experimental design was used to identify the influence of dwell time at the highest pyrolysis temperature and heating rate on electrical, electrochemical and structural properties of the pyrolytic carbon: Van der Pauw sheet resistance measurements, cyclic voltammetry, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy were used to characterize the pyrolytic carbon.
The simulated result indicated that, for addition electrical heating tube, the heat transfer rate of the heat exchanger increased with the increasing length of the electrical heating tube.
SPS allows the formation of a fine and uniform microstructure in a short period of time through the rapid heating rate by pulsed electrical discharge and high pressure application [ 15].
Electrical heating can be achieved at a sufficiently rapid heating rate, is flexible with reference to setting conditions and may be easily incorporated into a blanking tool system, thus promising scope for application in an industrial environment.
The heating rate variations could be overcome by adjusting the electrical conductivity of the food materials before ohmic heating.
The tobacco sample in the quartz reactor was placed in an electrical heater furnace whose maximum heating temperature is 1000 °C with heating rate of ~20 °C/s.
Results showed that the electrical conductivity of the materials is the most critical factor causing heating rate variations between the particulate phase and the liquid phase.
The simulation also demonstrates that both electrical heating and laser-heating are able to result in the desired temperature-distributions at sufficiently high heating-rates and that the methods are easy to be implemented.
The CNTs enhance the heating rate of the nanofluid with the caveat of non-selective light absorption, which reduces the electrical output.
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