During this time period, as voters were no longer directly assembling to elect members of Congress and instead using ballots and regular elections, instructions usually took the form of state legislatures instructing their U.S. Senators.
In a Tallahassee "war room" within the offices of Ms. Harris, veteran Republican political consultants helped shape the post-election instructions to county canvassing boards.
It said that Republican political consultants worked in the "war room" to help shape post-election instructions on which absentee ballots were valid.
The rule that will take effect on Jan . 1says that brokers holding customers' shares may no longer vote those shares in director elections without instructions from the actual shareholder.
Even Lyndon Johnson did, ordering six suits from the firm of Carr, Son & Woor, following the 1960 election, with the instructions, "I want to look like a British diplomat".
One new state law allows legal permanent residents to monitor polls during elections, help translate instructions and offer other assistance to voting citizens.
To help prepare voters for the significant changes that await them at the polls, the New York City Board of Elections mailed out instructions to all voters.
Taylor added that the Secretary of State's office has given instructions to election administrators to address the issue with signage, trained election officials on these issues and required county officials to maintain "a meticulous log of any malfunctioning machines, and remove any machines that are malfunctioning".
On election eve, he delivered instructions if they caught anyone cheating.
His co-author, Whitney Quesenbery, a design expert, said the private sector has learned a great deal about the significance of design — fonts, shadings, colorings, instructions — but election systems have been very slow to adopt them.
The outcome rides largely on which campaign succeeds in getting its supporters to the polls by pestering, begging, calling, offering early-voting instructions or Election Day buses and then pestering some more.
