Such a state is then characterized either by the fact that, in the course of further load cycles, only elastic deformation changes occur (elastic shakedown), or the stress strain hysteresis is closed in each cycle, so that the plastic strains mutually cancel each other during a cycle (plastic shakedown).
Then to account for the effect of LCF cycles, the elastic domain is allowed to evolve when crack tip plasticity occurs.
Drawn from a split with composer Karen Gwyer, "Curl" gradually evolves from primordial gunk into ticking, elastic motion, its gentle cycles resembling something like locomotion.
The present paper illustrates the results of an experimental program on Reinforced Concrete (RC) beams externally strengthened with carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastic (FRP) laminates and Near Surface Mounted (NSM) bars under monotonic and cyclic loads, the latter ones characterized by a low number of cycles in the elastic and post-elastic range.
By increasing the number of freeze-thaw cycles (NFT), the elastic modulus, failure strength, and effective shear strength parameters (i.e., effective cohesion and internal friction angle) of expansive soils decrease significantly.
Flexural and uniaxial compressive strengths have been determined by a TECNOTEST KE 72 instrument equipped with 4 reading channels and a digital dynamometer able to perform tests for compression, flexure, indirect tensile, paving blocks, breaking in load/deformation control, elastic module up to 999 cycles of loading/unloading for evaluations of creeping or ductility of various building materials.
This study therefore focused on the self-sensing capability of ECC with different carbon-based materials (multi-walled carbon nanotubes [CNT], graphene nanoplatelets [GNP], carbon black [CB] and carbon fibers [CF]) when subjected to repetitive loading and unloading cycles within the elastic and plastic ranges.
Damage was quantified by measuring the degradation of elastic properties through periodic unloading reloading cycles.
The samples were loaded in axial compression with ten cycles in the elastic range followed by compression until 5 mm displacement and consecutive unloading.
After μCT scanning, the L2 vertebral bodies were rehydrated, mounted in a servo-hydraulic testing system (858 Mini Bionix II, MTS, USA), preconditioned with 10 cycles in the elastic range and tested to failure in axial compression with a rate of 0.033 mm/s.
