Trait elaboration (for example, bigger, longer, stronger [ 58, 59]) is more difficult to study because phenotypes are subtler, but this remains the more common type of evolutionary change [ 37].
In addition, the strategies of elaboration, concrete examples, and dual coding all work best when used as part of retrieval practice.
In this tutorial review, we focus on six specific cognitive strategies that have received robust support from decades of research: spaced practice, interleaving, retrieval practice, elaboration, concrete examples, and dual coding.
Statements were also edited to improve clarity by systematic re-wording or elaboration through examples.
Statements were also edited to improve clarity, through systematic re-wording or elaboration through examples.
A Dutch book is constructed against the model in an elaboration of an example proposed by Smets and Kennes.
The type of elaboration, shown in Example 5, below, is typical of Sara: And did you make a building each?
Qualitative responses also enabled the identification of answers that had not been pre-empted in the structured questionnaire (e.g. reasons for not providing user-groups with data), and provided elaboration and anecdotal examples to complement the quantitative data (e.g. reasons for high/low receptivity to a new comparative data set).
It will also be important to explore patients' conceptualization of interoceptive signals, as this might yield further signatures of disease [for example, delusional elaboration in association with C9orf72 mutations (Downey et al., 2014); degraded semantic representations of pain, potentially relevant to a number of diseases (Oosterman et al., 2014)].
FO participated in the elaboration of the numerical examples, computational programs and the discussion of the model.
