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Intrahippocampal transplantation of human stem cells engineered either to differentiate into NBM-like cholinergic cells (Liu et al., 2013) or produce nerve growth factor (Lee et al., 2012) has been shown to rescue learning deficits in rodents, and may hold potential to treat mnemonic deficits in PDD by countering MTL atrophy.
Therefore, progenitors during late histogenesis face the decision either to differentiate into neurons or glia.
Surprisingly, levels of other angiogenic cytokines (ANG-2 and VEGF) failed either to differentiate stable from PD, or to be influenced by the treatments.
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These results are interpreted as suggesting that SCs which have evolved in the context of a given environment are very sensitive to alterations in micro-environmental signal intensity, causing them either to fully differentiate within a short time period, or to uncontrollably proliferate, a process which is conducive to cancer [ 10, 13, 19].
This result suggests that Dicer-deficient ES cells are either unable to differentiate or alternatively that differentiated cells present in the cultures do not survive.
These findings are in agreement with those of Bizzini et al.[ 34] and Van Veen et al.[ 35] who suspected that the discordant results were due either to difficulties to differentiate among closely related organisms, such as e.g. Strep.
Biomaterials are known to be able to support cellular systems to either differentiate into neuroglial-like cells or to enhance their paracrine effects on the overall regenerative process.
In fact, identical MHCII-specific thymocytes bearing identical transgenic TCR and identical CD4 proteins were found to express either ThPOK or Runx3, and to differentiate into either helper- or cytotoxic-lineage CD4+ T cells, depending only on whether their CD4 proteins were encoded in Cd4 or Cd8 coreceptor gene loci.
At 80% confluence, cells were either trypsinized or allowed to differentiate for 36 hours in DMEM supplemented with 2% horse serum and 1% P/S.
On the basis of our data showing that no statistical difference was observed between TB and LTBI groups in humoral response against Rv1985c, we suggest that the humoral response to some immunodominant antigens could either not be able to differentiate active TB with LTBI.
In the case of dendritic cells (DC), the mouse DC are taken from the bone marrow or spleen, whereas the source of human DC is either peripheral monocytes stimulated to differentiate into DC or CD34+ cells isolated from patients treated with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor.
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