How can transgenic mouse models be exploited to dissect selective vulnerability and identify genes and proteins that either protect from degeneration or confer an increased risk?
Two of the loci, located within a distance of a few Mbp, contain genes that, depending on the allele, either protect from or promote disease.
However, many of the plant crop studies and one of the two studies of forage crops used experimental methods that either protected the leaves from contact with soil or washed it away after harvesting.
And teenagers and adults would either be protected from infection by proven prevention programs, such as condoms and male circumcision, or promptly treated after infection to prevent them from becoming ill or passing the virus on to others.
Debates about climate justice have mainly occurred at the international scale, and have focussed on the rights and responsibilities of nation-states to either be protected from the effects of climate change, or to take action to reduce emissions or support adaptation.
Furthermore, C19 can either be protected from oxidation by the MBF1 co-activator [ 11], or it can be switched back from its oxidised to its reduced state by the ref-1 protein [ 8].
Autophagy may either protect cells from destruction or act as an inducer of cell death [ 25].
Bisson and Groth (2010) propose that the receptor EIN2 association could be involved in either protecting EIN2 from proteasome degradation or promoting its signalling.
Villins, of which there are five in A. thaliana [ 49], are actin bundling proteins that can either protect actin from ADFs or promote the severing of actin polymers [ 50].
Recently, many chemotherapeutic candidates have been reported to induce autophagy, but the roles of altered autophagy are inconsistent, because it can either protect cells from apoptosis, or promote cell death.
