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Family history of diabetes was defined as having diabetes in any of the following family members: parents, grandparents (either paternal and maternal), and siblings.
Another is imprinting: genes such as IGF2 and H19 are expressed either from one allele, either paternal or maternal (Glaser et al., 2006).
This is somewhat surprising as one might have expected a parental expression pattern (either paternal or maternal expression) since these patterns are commonly assumed to be more prevalent.
The mode of imprinting (either paternal or maternal imprinting) at the QTL with significant imprinting effects was assessed by comparing the paternal and maternal effect estimates.
aTitus-Ernstoff and coworkers [35] classified three categories: nonparental smoking, either paternal or maternal smoking only or both parents smoking during pregnancy.
Heterozygous mice inheriting a deletion of either paternal or maternal origin did not have any developmental defect.
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The majority of cases of TNDM are linked to an imprinted region on chromosome 6q24, the abnormality either being paternal uniparental disomy, paternal duplication or defective methylation of the maternal allele (4).
Imprinting occurs when identical alleles are expressed depending on whether they were inherited from the father or the mother, thus causing a parent-of-origin-specific gene expression pattern where either the paternal allele is expressed and the maternal allele is silenced (paternal expression; e.g. Igf2) or vice versa (maternal expression; e.g. Igf2R;[ 4]).
African Ancestry, which can test either a paternal or maternal ancestral line, sidesteps the process of looking at coupled male and female gene sequences.
Edith Heard, head of the Genetics and Developmental Biology Department at the Institut Curie in France, worked with Dekker and applied allele-specific Hi-C (a method in which each sequencing read can be assigned to either the paternal or maternal chromosome) to inactivation of one of the X chromosomes in female mammals.
In cells of the embryo proper, either the paternal or the maternal X chromosome is inactivated in a random fashion.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com