For each activity Pa and Pi values are calculated, which can be interpreted either as the probabilities of a molecule belonging to the classes of active and inactive compounds respectively, or as the probabilities of the first and second kind of errors in prediction.
As shown in the appendix, the calculation of A s and Ω s when I≠ D requires estimates of either the probability of a patient experiencing both outcomes or the probability of experiencing the definitive outcome given they have had the intermediate outcome (positive predictive value, PPV).
This doesn't even seem relevant to Rogoff's own argument for austerity policies: British austerity might be "insurance" against loss of confidence, but it makes no difference either way to the probability of disaster in Europe.
Here we estimate parameters in the LIF model for various temporal stimuli and different response kernels, using four different numerical methods to calculate the likelihood function, within the framework of either the probability-mixing or the response-averaging model.
In the model, glutamate and anisomycin might affect either the probabilities of sites filling and emptying or the number of sites, compared to control.
The model is more complex for the other three smoking-associated diseases to reflect the fact that either the probabilities of death, or costs, or both, varied between or within subsequent cycles.
The lower transformation frequency with DNA from a diverged background is presumably due to sequence heterology around the selected alleles, which could either reduce the probability of strand exchange or increase the probability of recipient-directed heteroduplex correction.
Theoretically, toxoplasmosis can either increase the probability of traffic accident or decrease the probability that the subject visits a physician and therefore enters the control set.
Bootstrap standard errors have been shown to provide reliable inference in the context of bivariate probit models, particularly when the number of observations is low, and either the probability of the outcome occurring or the probability of selection is high or low [ 26].
In addition, the distance between duplicated sequences cannot be estimated, and therefore no inferences about duplication mechanisms or the effects of physical distance on either the probability of interlocus gene conversion (e.g., Casola et al. 2010) or adaptive evolution (Han et al. 2009) can be made.
Depending on the study, the RR of infection was calculated from either the probability of infection (modelling studies) or the probability of symptomatic influenza (observational studies).
