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Further, systems that are specialized for solving one problem can be either constrained or enhanced by interfaces with other systems, either domain-specific or domain-general.
More precisely, in the opening of the section we introduce formally the string barcoding problems studied and also point out that every SBC instance (either constrained or unconstrained) can be formulated as an MTC instance, which directly implies set-cover-like approximability results for SBC.
To clarify stakeholders' perceptions of factors that either constrained or accelerated the scale up of CHPS in the UER, we interviewed all former and current District Directors of Health Services, 3 former and current Regional Directors of Health Services, and key staff and scientists of the Navrongo Community Health and Family Planning Project.
In this model, each base is either constrained or evolving neutrally, denoted as z i =1 or 0, respectively for the base at position i.
We trained an SVM to classify 10 kb genomic windows as either constrained or unconstrained according to the same modified SFS used to classify simulated data (see Methods) using LIBSVM (Chang and Lin 2011).
We then used the optimal hyperparameters to train an SVM from the entire training set; this SVM was in turn used to classify every 10 kb window (with 100 bp step size) in the genome comprised of at least 25% informative sites as either constrained or unconstrained.
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Popular views limit and channel both legislation and private action, each of which can either constrain or empower speech".
Various forms of population characteristics, which have a bearing on equity in delivery of the contraceptives could either constrain or enable their equitable acceptability and access.
In particular, the mechanisms linking genotype to phenotype can be complex (e.g., pleiotropy, polygeny, epistasis) and result in genetic architectures that may either constrain or promote the effects of selection on beneficial alleles in a new environment (Gompel and Prud'homme 2009; Elmer and Meyer 2011; Losos 2011; Conte et al. 2012; Rogers et al. 2013).
To ascertain the conditions under which health workers perform their duties and how these conditions either constrain or motivate them to deliver good quality care, respondents were asked questions related to their mode of transport to work, working hours, workload and monthly salaries.
Parameters from before to after the disturbance were compared using bivariate models where trait values from the before and after disturbance periods were coded as being different traits; their genetic (or maternal, or residual) variance was either constrained to be equal or allowed to be estimated separately for each period.
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