We find that a majority of the predicted ligands evoked responses from the target ORNs; ∼71% evoked either activation (>50 spikes/s above the spontaneous activity) or inhibition (>50% reduction in spontaneous activity [reverse agonist activity]) (Table 2).
Although it is well known that influenza virus activates both TLR3 and TLR7 pathways (Le Goffic et al., 2007), either activation of TLR3 or TRL7 alone could not elucidate the IFN-mediated antiviral defense during infection.
Thus, a trade-off effect between HBA and HBD, either activation or deactivation, can be observed for a certain DES.
The incubation did not induce increases in either activation (CTGF mRNA level) or expression of Smad2.
The activities of both Brg1-SWI/SNF and Polycomb maintain the expression status of genes when the initiating signal, either activation or repression, is gone [ 25].
There is no need to revise the basic principles of signals (either activation or repressive) that spread in chromatin via modification of histones in neighboring nucleosomes and attraction of "histone code writers" to these modified nucleosomes.
In terms of the overall differential usage (either activation or inactivation) of alternative promoters due to E2 treatment, we found that the downstream promoters are more often affected by E2 treatment than the upstream promoter.
Since these interactions have been experimentally measured they can be associated with a definite direction of the causal effect, either activation or inhibition of the above mentioned processes at a whole genome network-wide level.
The CREM locus produces multiple isoforms with either activation or repressive activities depending on exon configuration in the alternative transcripts [46].
Alteration in the base-pairing pattern, in turn, causes either activation or repression of the activity of NAE.
Proteins can be phosphorylated on different residues, leading to either activation or down-regulation of their activities, alternative subcellular locations and/or interaction with distinct binding partners.
