The injected eggs, each containing a maternal spindle and a DNA bead-induced spindle (Figure 1A, arrow), were either activated parthenogenetically by using SrCl2 [33], [33] or by in vitro fertilization [34] to induce anaphase onset.
Some of the kinases which have been suggested to play a role in serine phosphorylation of Stat3 (MAPK, PI3K, PKCδ and JNK) are all either activated in response to avicin D, or are inhibited at a much later time point.
Additionally, although antibodies that selectively block either high- or low-affinity binding have been reported [9], [10], in our hands they either activated the receptor or blocked all ligand binding.
Those genes with a z-score greater or less than two are considered to be either activated or inhibited respectively.
The FRET signal obtained for experiments using the D335C mutant showed a marked contrast for mixed samples that were either activated by Ca2+/CaM and ATP or not.
From this list we next selected those TFs that were also either activated or suppressed by anti-IgM in Figure 2.
PRC regulation is particularly important in ESCs, where polycomb repress so-called bivalent genes which are either activated or repressed depending on the further path of differentiation [ 21].
This can be calculated as follows: if i hypnozoites remain in the liver, then N − i have either activated or died.
Second, numerous C-MYC transcriptional targets (either activated or repressed by C-MYC) such as BAX, GADD45A and ONZIN have been shown to be crucial for DNA damage signalling in vitro.
Additional contributors to the local inflammatory reaction are mediators that are either activated from latent pro-forms or are synthesised, such as derivatives of inflammasomes or de novo-synthesised proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines (Bryant and Fitzgerald, 2009; Dinarello, 2009).
Glucose-sensing neurones were first described in the 1960s, with two populations of neurones being either activated by glucose (glucose-excited – GE) or inhibited (originally referred to as glucose-sensitive but now globally labelled as glucose-inhibited – GI) [ 26, 27].
