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Notwithstanding, o-vanillin stimulated K+ efflux through an unidentified pathway and resulted in reduction in cell volume (as measured by wet weight − dry weight).
The results demonstrated that EPI-SWCNTs-DSPE-HA significantly increased the intracellular delivery and retention of EPI by circumventing the drug efflux through the mechanism of CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis and bypassing P-glycoprotein (P-gp) pump.
In vertebrate olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs), the odorant-triggered receptor current flows through two distinct ion channels on the sensory cilia: Ca2+ influx through a cyclic nucleotide-gated (CNG) channel followed by Cl− efflux through a Ca2+-activated anion channel.
The potential energy barriers are calculated for Na+ and Cl- based on US and SMD pulling, enabling differentiation between ion types and their in- and efflux through the channel.
Potassium efflux through these channels could contribute to decreased action potentials through conduction failure.
Since saliva has a naturally low chloride concentration [38], chloride efflux through apical channels would further depolarize taste receptor cells.
In addition to the effect on phosphodiasterase, ascorbic acid may increase Na+ efflux through mechanisms yet to be defined.
K+ efflux through voltage-gated K+ (Kv) channels can attenuate the release of neurotransmitters, neuropeptides and hormones by hyperpolarizing the membrane potential and attenuating Ca2+ influx.
Finally, the influx of Ca2+ is modulated by potassium efflux through the outwardly rectifying Kv1.3 and KCa channels that generates negative membrane potential and aids Ca2+ influx through the CRAC channel.
Human p-glycoprotein plays an important role in drug efflux through these barriers.
As hypothesized, sample A promoted efflux through all three transporters with comparable efficacy.
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