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As the phaseout of incandescent bulbs takes effect, more efficient substitutes are coming to market.
While soft scaffolds are better at mimicking the extracellular environment, they cannot withstand the high loads required to be efficient substitutes for bone in vivo.
Designing the low cost, long durability and high efficient substitutes for platinum (Pt) electrocatalyst to facilitate ORR is significant for the large-scale commercial application of fuel cells.
Construction of efficient substitutes of human blood vessels is strongly dependent on the use of viable and fully functional cultured endothelial cells (ECs).
Promoting these trees can also greatly enhance food security for communities occupying the mountain valleys in Northern Pakistan and would be efficient substitutes to exotic tree species plantations of large scale afforestation programmes.
The high cost associated with production and haulage of ordinary Portland cement and its alleged average performance as a sole binder in the long term (due to vulnerability to internal sulphate attack) have prompted users to appraise less expensive and technically efficient substitutes for mine tailings paste formulations.
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Preliminary studies of random poly S-r-Ca) copoly S-r-Cath a very high sulpoly S-r-Cags (>80% w/w) demonstrated inverse vulcopolymers and suggest their utility as an efficient substitute to elemental sulphur as a cathode material in Li-S battery.
The model allows deformation of a nanotube's lateral surface in a one dimensional framework and hence is an efficient substitute to the commonly used two dimensional shell models for nanotubes.
Microfluidics is a rapidly developing field of innovation, which provides the chemical, medical and (bio pharmaceutical industries with a much more efficient substitute for the use of well plates, syringes, etc., to perform multiple manipulations and analysis of small samples.
In comparison with a conventional decentralized lead lag controller, the H∞ robust controller, which is considered as an efficient substitute for the former, is thoroughly analyzed and simulationally validated under a set of realistic scenarios.
When repeating the experiments using oil as an efficient substitute for water, galloping oscillation was obtained implying that the source of instability is the presence of the rivulet at a certain position changing the cross-section of the cylinder into a non-symmetrical one.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com