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Efficient repair systems can give fitness advantages only if the division is symmetric.
This shoulder is due in part to efficient repair systems and in part to the multicellular nature of the organism.
Co and Cr are essential trace elements, and one can assume that the cells have inherited efficient repair systems for DNA damage caused by these elements (Reynolds et al. 2004).
Human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is widely used for phylogenetic, forensic and clinical studies and many features like maternal inheritance, absence of recombination and lack of efficient repair systems are well known and extensively studied.
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One theory holds that 8oxodg might actually be a positive byproduct, signaling an efficient repair system rather than an unusually high level of damage.
Given that plastomes are constantly exposed to the mutagenic agents of ROS, efficient DNA repair systems are required to prevent plastomes from dysfunction.
This will decrease mitochondrial ROS and prevent oxidative damage of important mitochondrial structures from ROS produced by extramitochondrial sources (e.g., mitochondrial DNA is not well protected since efficient DNA repair systems do not exist in the matrix).
The living cells are equipped with the ability for efficient DNA repair systems, such as repair base damage (base excision repair, or BER), nucleotide damage (nucleotide excision repair, or NER), single-strand breaks (single-strand break repair), and double-strand breaks (double-strand break repair).
Alternatively, lineage I strains might have a more effective restriction systems for degradation of foreign DNA, a more efficient mismatch repair system that avoids incorporation of foreign DNA fragments into the chromosome, or may show reduced competency.
Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain CSC resistance to conventional therapies, including high expression of anti-apoptotic or multidrug resistance proteins and efficient DNA repair system.
Furthermore, the ability to respond to mutagens with germ-cell apoptosis in order to avoid genetically altered spermatozoa decreased with paternal age [ 36], while oocytes have an efficient DNA repair system which is independent of maternal age [ 37].
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