On the other hand, several experiments point to the conclusion that pigeons are very efficient rote learners, but fail to learn overarching rules or concepts (Mackintosh 1988).
Because problem solving imposes a higher cognitive load for novices than does studying worked examples it was hypothesized that learning by solving problems would lead to better learning outcomes (effectiveness) and be more efficient for collaborative learners, whereas learning by studying worked examples would lead to better learning outcomes and be more efficient for individual learners.
"We know that bees are very efficient and quick learners, probably due to them living in a complex environment where they must remember the position and appearance of flowers," Howard told me in an email.
Published studies evaluating web-based education and training have shown that web-based education is at least as effective as traditional education, that it is likely to be more efficient and that learners enjoy it more [ 6- 12].
Peter Horrocks, the vice-chancellor of the Open University, said: "This innovative offer of credit is a clear demonstration of the disruptive potential of Moocs in offering more efficient, competitive and learner-focused study options".
Moreover, to make a particular teaching method appropriate and efficient, the characteristics of learners and the type of learning should be taken into consideration.
As efficient PAC learnability, the learner must be able to learn the concept in polynomial time given any arbitrary approximation ratio, probability of success, or distribution of the samples.
And smart learning environment aims to support to realize the effective, efficient and meaningful learning for learners.
Instead, this dissociation, although not complete (in the case of morphology), suggests that bilinguals may be efficient and goal-driven language learners who are effectively doing "more with less".
