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The pattern of reasoning is the same and the conclusion – that there is no such Barber, no such efficient God, no such set of non-self-membered sets – is the same: such things simply don't exist.
But that pattern also underwrites an endless list of seemingly frivolous "paradoxes" such as the famous paradox of the Barber who shaves all and only those barbers who do not shave themselves or, similarly, the paradox of the benevolent but efficient God who helps all and only those who do not help themselves.
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According to that theory of efficient causality, God is the only true efficient cause.
This simple point distinguishes faith, whose sole efficient cause is God working through grace, from both philosophy and theology, whose efficient cause is the human mind, though even here God has a role to play.
On her view, all created things (for example, all angels, heavenly bodies, people, elements earth, water, fire and air and animals) ultimately have the same productive or efficient cause, namely God.
Wall Street wants ServiceMaster to become more modern and efficient, with or without God.
In Whitehead's and Hartshorne's theism, there is an efficient causal dimension to God's creativity, but it is not deterministic.
Ammonius also makes God the (efficient) cause of all things, in addition to being the final cause (see below, sect. 3.2).
In all, three causes account for the operation of the intellect, according to James: 1) God as efficient cause; 2) the soul and its propensities as formal cause, and 3) the object presented by the senses as "excitatory" cause.
Religious figures promoting fuel-efficient cars to protect God's earth?
But in fact Neoplatonist authors like Ammonius had explicitly argued that Aristotle's God was an efficient cause of being, not just a final cause of motion.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com