He neither organized a crusade against the Turks as his brother had done, nor did he build up an efficient defense system against the aggressions of the grand duchy of Moscow.
Ant males might produce more oxidative-stress-inducing metabolic by-products than females or they may have a less efficient defense system against these molecules.
To protect themselves against these oxidant species, the lungs are endowed with efficient antioxidant defense systems such as antioxidant enzymes and non-enzymatic antioxidants, including GSH, albumin, uric acid, vitamins C and E, and other low molecular weight organic molecules (40).
To resist pathogen attacks, plants have evolved an efficient defense response system to elude or minimize the effects of diseases.
Furthermore, an extremely efficient antioxidant defense system (high activity of superoxide dismutase, enhanced ascorbate and glutathione content) in N22 panicles may play an important role in minimizing water-deficit stress-induced spikelet sterility (Selote and Chopra 2004) and could be responsible for higher fertility with combined water deficit and heat stress.
Tolerance to heavy metal stress has been correlated with efficient antioxidative defense system, as shown by many authors [ 2– 4].
Plants have the efficient complex antioxidant defense systems to avoid the toxic effects of ROS, including enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidases (POX) and others (Maffei et al. 2007; Ahmad et al. 2008).
Most living organisms possess efficient enzymatic and non-enzymatic defense systems against excess production of ROS.
Despite the ROS destructive activity, their production in plant tissues is controlled by the very efficient enzymatic and nonenzymatic antioxidant defense systems which serve to keep down the levels of free radicals, permitting them to perform useful biological functions without too much damage and act as a cooperative network employing a series of redox reactions [ 5, 7].
The heterogeneity of the immune system contributes to an efficient defense against a multitude of different pathogens [89].
