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Efficient cellulose hydrolysis requires the cooperative action of endoglucanases (E.C. 3.2.1.4), which hydrolyze the cellulose polymer internally, exposing reducing and non-reducing ends, and exoglucanases or cellobiohydrolases (E.C. 3.2.1.91), which act on the reducing or non-reducing ends, releasing mainly cellobiose.
This cooperative action makes inhibition more efficient [ 7, 8].
Therefore, the cooperative action of rhamnogalacturonan acetyl-esterases is required for efficient degradation (de Vries et al. 2000).
A single kind of keratinolytic protease is not sufficient for efficient keratin degradation, and this suggests that degradation of this recalcitrant material requires the cooperative action of multiple enzymes (Yamamura et al. 2002).
It is generally acknowledged that, among the several factors that hamper our current ability to attain efficient lignocellulosic biomass conversion yields at low enzyme loadings, a major problem lies in our incomplete understanding of the cooperative action of the different enzymes acting on pretreated lignocellulosic substrates.
What moves people to cooperative action?
Although each mechanism is weak considered in isolation, the possibility for cooperative action exists.
"This is still possible if the opportunities for international cooperative action are fully seized".
A temporary solution was achieved through cooperative action by the major stock exchanges.
However, Brownian motion precludes the precise positioning at the nanoscale needed to harness cooperative action.
The field experiments analyze the cooperative action among coastal communities in Providence Island (Colombian Caribbean Sea).
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