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Despite recent advances in bone tissue engineering, efficient bone formation and vascularization remains a challenge for clinical applications.
In order to induce an efficient bone formation with human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (hBMSC) associated to a scaffold, it is crucial to determine the key points of the hBMSC action after in vivo transplantation as well as the appropriate features of a scaffold.
Efficient bone formation depends on the recruitment of osteoblast precursors to the site followed by osteoblast maturation, matrix deposition, and mineralization [ 4, 5].
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In conclusion the model provides a reliable and highly efficient method to study bone formation in cell-based tissue engineering.
The most efficient factor to induce bone formation in our model was TGF-β1.
Although this is an efficient model of heterotopic bone formation, it needs a long time for complete bone formation (four months).
This study demonstrates for the first time that this plant system is able to produce recombinant bone growth factors in high amount and at low cost, and they were highly efficient to rapidly induce bone formation in abdominal implants potentially useful for autotransplantation.
It was demonstrated for the first time that growth factors produced in plants in high amounts and at low cost were highly efficient to rapidly induce heterotopic bone formation potentially useful for autotransplantation.
These characteristics are expected to lead to rapid hydroxyapatite formation and consequently more efficient bone bonding.
Current pharmacological therapies for osteoporosis include agents that either inhibit bone resorption or stimulate bone formation, thereby leading to more efficient recovery of bone mass in osteoporosis [ 6].
Consequently, it is more efficient than the traditional cell pellets as a tool to study endochondral bone formation for tissue engineering purposes.
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