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The incident photocurrent conversion efficiency was measured using an IPCE Model Qex7 (PV Measurements, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA).
The incident photocurrent conversion efficiency was measured using a solar simulator (100 mW/cm2).
System efficiency was measured using 18F and compared with corresponding data obtained using a long-lived 68Ge/68Ga source that was implicitly traceable to a national standard.
The diffraction efficiency was measured using the diffracted beam from one of the beams used to create the grating, it reached a maximum value of 0.033 %, and after which both beams were blocked.
Labelling efficiency was measured using instant thin layer chromatography strips (ITLC-SA) (Varian Medical Systems UK, Ltd., Crawley, UK) with a mobile phase of 0.1 M citrate buffer, pH 5 and analysed using a gamma ray TLC scanner (Lablogic, UK).
Transfection efficiency was measured using GFP max vector (Amaxa, Cologne, Germany) in every condition.
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Drug content and loading efficiency were measured using a UV-1201 Shimadzuhotometer (Shimadzu Co. Ltd., Kyoto, Japan) at 273 nm.
In the context of academic institutions, its efficiency is measured using DEA as shown in several studies in the literature.
Feed intake, growth rate and energetic growth efficiency were measured using groups of perch exposed to different combinations of tank colour (white, grey or black) and light intensity (200 or 1100 lx).
Efficiency is measured using a DEA model.
Sleeping hours and efficiency were measured using a wristwatch-type actigraph (MicroMini RC; Ambulatory Monitoring Inc, Ardsley, NY, USA).
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