The synonymous position affects either the efficiency of translation (and hence the cost of expression) or translational accuracy (and hence the mean specific activity of the protein produced).
It is suggested that alternative start sites may work as "backup" translational initiation sites and thus may increase the efficiency of translation [ 31].
The efficiency of translation initiation depends on the arrangement of nucleotides surrounding the translational start codon, so the AUG context is thought to be an important regulatory factor (reviewed in [ 36]).
The central concept of translational regulation is that cellular gene expression is governed by the efficiency of translation of a given mRNA in the absence of a corresponding change in steady-state mRNA levels [ 16].
Codons that increase the translational accuracy of a gene in some instances decrease the efficiency of translation, and thus different selective pressures for accuracy and efficiency jointly determine the optimal level of codon usage.
Here, we systematically determined the universal folding regions that significantly affect the efficiency of translation in Escherichia coli.
Rare codons generally influence the rate and efficiency of translation, due to rarity of their cognate tRNAs (Kane 1995; Parmley and Huynen 2009; Rosenberg et al. 1993).
The dependence of efficiency of translation initiation on mRNA sequence parameters was investigated in an Escherichia coli in vitro expression system.
UTR (untranslated regions) may affect efficiency of translation and the lifetime of transcripts.
Another factor contributing to the prevalence of +4G, but independent of the efficiency of translation initiation, is the myristoylation process.
To boost the efficiency of translation we also linked the β-globin 5'UTR and exon 1 to dystrophin exon 22 [69].
