A further challenge would be to fully understand the costs and cost-efficiency of exposure assessment strategies that combine more than one method, as for instance when combining self-reported or register data on jobs and/or tasks from "many" subjects with direct measurements of exposures in these jobs and tasks on a limited representative sample of subjects [ 26, 37- 39].
The increased use of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) presents unique opportunities for the assessment of environmental influences on early pregnancy outcomes not otherwise observable in humans, but studies need to be designed to maximize the efficiency of the exposure data collected while minimizing exposure measurement error.
Notably, the effects of fetal exposure to phytoestrogens did not reach the efficiency of lifelong exposure.
Thus, the presence of NPs is responsible for an enhancement of the relative biological efficiency of radiation exposure due to the spatial confinement of the dose effect (McMahon et al. 2011).
The efficiency of the exposure procedure is demonstrated by exposing A549 cells dose dependently to lactose monohydrate, copper II) sulfate, copper II) oxide, and micro- and nanoparticles.
The efficiency of the exposure process depends on the deposition efficiency and represents, especially in the case of fine and ultrafine particles (nano particles), one of the main challenges [ 17].
The consideration of different experimental conditions like the air flow rate or dimensions of the connecting tubes allows the selection of the appropriate experimental design to enhance the efficiency of the exposure system.
Thus, future research should investigate not only the price, but also the cost efficiency of the exposure assessment methods in terms of value outputs like precision and bias of the resulting information.
The purpose of this study was to establish a baseline assessment of reporting SI by the staff as well as the efficiency of post-exposure management system.
Even within these three minimal requirements, degrees of efficiency in exposure and access exist.
Applying a beam line conversion efficiency of 200, the exposure time to take one PDI picture for future EUVL optics was estimated to be 2.4 s with proper margin.
