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The laws of thermodynamics place an upper limit on the efficiency of energetic conversion: the first law requires that the conversion product have at most the same amount of energy as the substrate while the second law states that the efficiency of conversion must be less than unity.
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A double Einzel lens, incorporated into the flight tube, enhances the collection efficiency of energetic particles.
In addition, Tb-161 emits a high number of low energetic conversion- and auger-electrons.
If considering the conversion ratio from raw material to biofuel, the energetic gross efficiency usually is quite lower compared to the overall energetic conversion efficiency.
Speakman et al. [12] elegantly demonstrated that mice with increased respiratory rates and reduced energetic conversion efficiency due to spontaneously uncoupled mitochondria lived longer than their counterparts.
Differences in in vitro efficiency of conversion could mirror in vivo conversion as previously described [ 20].
The energetic conversion of biomass into syngas or biogas is a more and more important topic.
That limits the efficiency of energy conversion (the hotter the better in such matters).
Therefore, mutations which reduce the efficiency of ATP conversion into movement are highly likely to reduce the efficiency of conversion of feed energy intake into maintenance and growth.
The controls available in the methylation assay for verifying the efficiency of our bisulfite conversion indicated that none of our samples had bad efficiency of bisulfite conversion.
The efficiency of bisulfite conversion was 93.5% (amount of converted cytosine/amount of unmethylated cytosine × 100%).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com