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With optimized front grid designs (Cu electro-plated fingers), efficiencies can be maintained around 20% at 10 suns.
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The study demonstrated that under the conditions tested, there was a critical hydraulic residence time (HRT) of 1 day (corresponding to an average water velocity of 0.21 m d−1) beyond which the reactor efficiency can be maintained.
For a vehicle designed to operate in a given speed range, the weight-to-axle power ratio should be within a particular limit, so that a specific level of conversion efficiency can be maintained.
If the thermal mass is too large, high conversion efficiency can be maintained for smaller volumes by addition of a highly absorbing additive.
By monitoring the pulse height of detection events however, the bias voltage of the APD can be continually adjusted so that its detection efficiency can be maintained in spite of changing temperatures [35].
If the transmit power of the sender is increased, when the distance between the nodes is far, better transmission efficiency can be maintained but this time will consume more energy.
The SC topology (and transfection efficiency) can be maintained when pDNA solutions are stored at −80°C (3).
Transformation efficiency can be maintained at a high level over a long period of time, since 70% efficiency was still obtained with 16-month-old embryogenic cultures.
The average power generation efficiency of the system can be maintained at nearly 48% on a representative day in February winterr season) and August summerr season).
And for radial NWs, the efficiency of AlGaAs/GaAs NWs can be maintained at a relatively high value with very high surface recombination.
In conclusion, a relatively good uniformity and high diffraction efficiency of the element can be maintained with a deviation of wavelength less than 1 μm, a deviation to the polarizing angle less than 25°, and a deviation to the incident angle less than 1°.
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