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Evolution of resistance by target pests is the main threat to the long-term efficacy of crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) insecticidal proteins.
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The relative relevance of each of these determinants on efficacy of transgenic crops producing Cry insecticidal proteins is also discussed.
Because insects are remarkably successful in adapting to toxins and other control tactics (Palumbi 2001; Onstad 2008), the evolution of resistance to Bt toxins by target pests threatens the continued efficacy of Bt crops (Tabashnik 1994; Gould 1998; Matten et al. 2008; Tabashnik and Carrière 2009).
An on-farm analysis was conducted in Southeast France to assess the efficacy of several cropping systems in simultaneously controlling two major pests: root-knot nematodes (Meloidogyne spp).
This demonstrates the efficacy of using crop models to determine variable rates of N fertilization within a field and the application of variable rate N fertilizer to achieve higher profit and reduce nitrate leaching.
Giant ragweed's ability to overtop soybean, even when placed at a competitive disadvantage by delayed emergence, creates a situation where the control of giant ragweed seed production is almost exclusively dependent on the availability and efficacy of in-crop herbicide options.
Despite that sweeping endorsement, it's true that every so often a paper that seems to cast doubt on the safety or efficacy of approved GM crops is published.
An important factor that influences the efficacy of the disruptive cropping strategy is the strength of the emigration-inducing effect of the vegetation.
In our view, TOs should include only those species that are aimed at being controlled by the respective GMP and for which the efficacy of the IR crop has been demonstrated.
To durably control phoma stem canker (Leptosphaeria maculans/Leptosphaeria biglobosa) in oilseed rape by preserving the efficacy of specific resistances, the design of cropping systems is required, combining different aspects of crop management over time and at the regional scale.
Due to the wide adoption of Bt transgenic crops, the future efficacy of this technology is threatened by the evolution of resistance by target pests.
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