Both in the introduction to the Student Book and more extensively in the Teacher's Guide, heavy emphasis is placed on communicative competence, strategic competence, self-efficacy, learner autonomy, problem solving, and meaning making as the ideals the innovation seeks to achieve.
However, data from TAs' assessments and teaching videos suggested otherwise and indicated improvement in TAs' efficacy in learner-centered teaching methods.
Attitude outcomes measured by studies included cultural self-efficacy (assessing learner confidence of knowledge and skills in relation to ethnic minority patients), attitudes towards community health issues, and interest in learning about patient and family backgrounds [ 6].
Significant positive correlations were found among the three e-learning variables (Self-efficacy, e-learner satisfaction and perceived usefulness [35].
Shang (2010) documented the relationship between reading strategy use (i.e. cognitive, metacognitive, and compensation strategies) and perceived self-efficacy on learners' foreign-language reading achievement.
Social cognitive theory aims to promote learning and behaviour change by increasing the self-efficacy of learners (see Bradley and colleagues for an excellent review) [ 19].
Bandura (1977) defines self-efficacy as a learner's own opinion about one's organization of required actions to reach a specific target, and successfully fulfilling it.
Attitudes and Self-Efficacy: a) There is a need to build upon existing tools (e.g., EBPAS [ 19], EBBS[ 26], EPIC[ 27], EBPQ[ 45], KACE[ 47]) to facilitate measurement of self-reported attitudes, beliefs, and self-efficacy across different learner populations and educational settings.
It is argued by incorporating strategies within clinical simulation that enhance learner self-efficacy, overall clinical competence will be improved.
Incorporating teaching and learning strategies that enhance learner self-efficacy will theoretically improve clinical competence (Bandura, 1986 , 1997.
A preliminary study (Pike, 2008) used a pre- and post-test design to measure learner self-efficacy before and after a clinical simulation session.
