As above, the statistical significance of the interaction effects was established by comparing the log-likelihoods of the model with interaction terms included, with the second model with only direct genetic effects of either locus (i.e., only including first four terms above).
The essential philosophy of proposed AND in achieving high attenuation of noise effect is established by expanding the signal dynamics with extra state variable representing the integrated noisy measurement, then with the integral of measurement as input, the augmented differentiator is formulated to improve the estimation quality.
Confirmation of its pharmacological effect was established by gross behavioural observations subsequent to the administration in the home cage when the animal displayed behavioural depression characterized by sedation, ptosis, and akinesia [31] [33].
First, the significance of the overall effect was established by 1000 runs of a permutation test using Map Manager QTXb20 and then, if the overall effect exceeded the genome-wide 5% significance level, the interaction was tested using approximate genome-wide thresholds obtained as described by Knott et al. [20].
Statistical significance of the interaction effect was established by comparing the log-likelihoods of two models: one with interaction terms included and the second with only direct genetic and phenotypic effects.
Seasonal effects on tuning were established by comparing data collected from canaries between February to December (birds from the original data set, and new birds recorded outside of breeding conditions).
Enhanced uptake, apoptotic effect of CSCur NPs were established by morphological changes in cells as observed by fluorescence microscopy and FE-SEM.
In Experiments 5, 6 and 7, where covers were established by natural regeneration, effects of destroying them at different times (using cultivations and/or herbicides) were much less evident.
These were established by using random-effects multiconcentration models through generalized least-squares regression to account for the repeat observations for each woman.
