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Recently I have found Anish Kapoor particularly innovative for the monumental, sculptural dimension of his work, and the mirror effects that interact with the observer, overturning the image.
Electroacupuncture (EA) shows anti-inflammation and several pleiotropic effects that interact with metabolic pathways.
But none has been previously shown to have corresponding male hormone-like effects that interact with the human androgen receptor.
92 Populations of small islands are especially susceptible to this phenomenon, probably as a result of strong genetic founder effects that interact with the recent transition from subsistence farming to Westernized lifestyles, where island food supplies now often depend heavily on imported foods that are energy dense and nutritionally deficient.
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The general trend from genetic and molecular studies on heterosis suggests that heterosis is the result of many loci that have small effects and that interact through a variety of molecular mechanisms.
Obesity, which is among of the most hereditable human conditions (45 75%), is, with few exceptions, a polygenic disorder determined by an unknown number of genes with mild to moderate individual effects that also interacts with the environment to produce the phenotype.
RNF43 is a recently identified member of the RING finger family of ubiquitin ligases and has been implicated to be overexpressed in human colorectal and hepatocellular carcinomas with anti-apoptotic and growth-promoting effects that also interacts with HAP95 and NEDL1, an upstream effector of p53.
A further complication is that predisposition toward alcohol dependence is a complex disorder shaped by multiple alleles, each contributing a small effect, that dynamically interact with each other and with environmental factors.
Despite the high heritability of cognitive ability and the major efforts made to understand it during the past decades, we are currently left with the generally accepted conclusion that "cognitive ability is most likely influenced by many genes of small effect, that possibly interact," without knowing the identity of these genes.
Difficulties arise for identifying the multiple genes of variable effect that interact with nongenetic factors in more common, complex conditions and for understanding the physiological processes associated with the development of these phenotypes.
In particular, identifying all loci contributing to a given phenotype, particularly those of small effect that interact epistatically, remains a serious problem (Rockman 2012).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com