The type of change is dependent upon the period and route of exposure and may reflect both direct effects on the pup and indirect effect from drug-induced alterations in maternal metabolism or behavior.
However, most research into mice maternal behaviors has focused on the effects of the pup's central nervous system and social development and not the caregiver's auditory sensation related to pup-mother attachment.
The subtype of GABA neurons that Silva studied were a very small population of cells, so it's not possible to know how widespread such an effect might be in the brain, she says, and the effects on the mouse pups' behavior and cognition were mild.
Using parentage analysis, we used GLMM to detect treatment effects on the number of pups per litter (for female founders only), and the number of pups per pure and mixed litters (for male and female founders).
In the present study, we intended to examine the COU-induced reproductive effects on female pups fed on milk, especially on the ovary with respect to apoptosis, which was not studied in vivo so far.
The effects on the cumulative number of pups are comparable to those previously reported in mice developmentally exposed to DES, a compound well known to impair reproduction in women.
The researchers also tested the long-term effects on rat pups of Prozac-only, Ritalin-only and saline solution-only.
Helpers have positive effects on the growth and survival of weaned pups (Clutton-Brock et al. 2001a; Russell et al. 2003b), and allow dominant females to reduce investment in raising litters (Clutton-Brock et al. 1998a, 2001a).
This view that early experience and maternal care exert converging influences on offspring development stands in contrast to an alternative view that neonatal stimulation exerts no direct effects on pups but, rather, that maternal care solely mediates the effects of neonatal stimulation on adult functional outcome.
Ostadalova [32] has recently reported that selenium toxicity has adverse effects on the ontogenic development and its retention in suckling rat pups was observed in blood, liver and kidney even after 7 days of administration.
