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Clozapine, an atypical antipsychotic agent important for the treatment of schizophrenia, has marked inhibitory effects on sympathetic outflow to the thermoregulatory cutaneous circulation.
The effect of TRH on BP seems to be mediated by the effects on sympathetic nerve activity [36].
Third, inhibition of the pump in the vasculature might maintain or increase blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction either directly [ 25] or by effects on sympathetic innervation [ 26].
Alternatively, cardioselective beta-blockers with lipophilic characteristics, such as bisoprolol penetrate the brain and might have effects on sympathetic modulation, for instance by indirectly increasing vagal tone.
12 Potential biological mechanisms may include induced release of stress hormones 13 14 15 and indirect effects on sympathetic activity, which is associated with adverse metabolic outcomes.
But while a direct effect on the myocardium might explain the attenuated blood pressure increase, it would not explain the other observed effects on sympathetic nervous system activity.
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It is indicated that TNF-α inhibits salivary secretion due to its neurotoxic effect on sympathetic nerves.
It is also possible, that any positive effect on sympathetic activity were offset by consequences of systemic β-receptor activation.
However, Oxt at the concentration used in our experiment had no significant effect on the levels of urinary catecholamines (data not shown), suggesting the lack of effect on sympathetic tone.
Taking into account the proven effect of TENS on peripheral blood flow and its (indirect) effect on sympathetic tone, TENS should be able to alter CBF, an analog to SCS.
The precise mechanisms responsible for this antihypertensive effect are still unknown, but it may involve the inhibition of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), production of vasodilators, or an effect on sympathetic nervous activity.
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