These included the likelihood of impacts resulting from on-site forestry activities (road and landing construction, harvesting, logging traffic) and their potential off-site effects, particularly on streams and associated estuaries and harbourss.
In a review of impervious land cover effects on streams, Schueler and Holland (1994) propose a three-level classification system for stream condition based on percent urban/impervious area; sensitive streams (0 10 % impervious), impacted streams (11 25 % impervious), and impaired streams (26 100 % impervious).
Stream temperature has direct and indirect effects on stream ecology and is critical in determining both abiotic and biotic system responses across a hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales.
Although riparian forest buffers are commonly advocated as best management practices, the extent of forest necessary to effectively mitigate upstream agricultural effects on streams remains unresolved.
We report on an approach to the characterization of urbanization effects on streams that used principal components analysis and multiple regression to explore the combined, interactive effects of land use/land cover, human population demography, and stream habitat quality on an index of biological integrity (IBI) of fish communities.
Comparatively few studies of urbanization effects on streams have focused on drylands, especially steep terrains.
Unlike surrounding land use, our results revealed that regional phytogeography showed only marginal significant effects on streams.
Mediterranean countries such as Portugal, where more than 25% of the land area has burned since 1990, are ideal areas to study impacts of wildfire effects on streams.
The temporal and spatial patterns of summer extreme low flows and effects on stream ecosystems were evaluated throughout the Otago Region of the South Island of New Zealand during a severe drought in 1998 1999.
The new position preference parameter was found to have a significant effect on flow and stream speed.
