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Oregon is one state that is examining the science of water temperature effects on stream life.
Riparian zones have strong effects on stream water quality, but most studies evaluated the effects of riparian vegetation (forested vs. deforested), although riparian forests may greatly differ in structure.
Finally, labor-intensive variables (e.g., nutrients and fines in sediments) could be added to meet complex management goals such as restoration of impaired streams or mechanistic studies of land use effects on stream ecosystems.
The temporal and spatial patterns of summer extreme low flows and effects on stream ecosystems were evaluated throughout the Otago Region of the South Island of New Zealand during a severe drought in 1998 1999.
Stream temperature has direct and indirect effects on stream ecology and is critical in determining both abiotic and biotic system responses across a hierarchy of spatial and temporal scales.
Our results suggest that the widespread conversion of forest to urban land in small catchments has likely resulted in a substantial decline of populations of stream salamanders and could have serious effects on stream ecosystems.
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Although riparian forest buffers are commonly advocated as best management practices, the extent of forest necessary to effectively mitigate upstream agricultural effects on streams remains unresolved.
Comparatively few studies of urbanization effects on streams have focused on drylands, especially steep terrains.
Unlike surrounding land use, our results revealed that regional phytogeography showed only marginal significant effects on streams.
Fires also can have substantial effects on streams and riparian systems and may threaten the persistence of some populations of fish, particularly those that are small and isolated.
Mediterranean countries such as Portugal, where more than 25% of the land area has burned since 1990, are ideal areas to study impacts of wildfire effects on streams.
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