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There is considerable evidence for parental effects on reproductive development in the human female.
These mutations have only limited effects on reproductive development, presumably because other GA 20-oxidase genes regulate GA biosynthesis in these tissues.
There is substantial evidence showing that experimental exposure of fish to WWTW effluents and the estrogens they contain can result in adverse health effects, including effects on reproductive development and breeding output.
Xenobiotic endocrine disruptors with estrogenic properties, such as 4- t-nonylphenol, are also present in some effluents at high enough concentrations alone to cause significant effects on reproductive development and function (Blackburn and Waldock 1995; Harries et al. 1996; Sheahan et al. 2002; Sole et al. 2000).
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Also in this study (Hardell et al. 2006), exposures to other persistent chemicals occurred simultaneously, and it cannot be determined how these substances interact in their effect on reproductive development.
Swan et al. (2005) translated the standard animal exam to humans in order to investigate potential effects of phthalates on reproductive development in male infants.
The no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) on reproductive development and function was 60 mg/kg/day; for toxicity, the NOAEL was 30 mg/kg/day (coagulation parameter changes).
We showed that the effect of drought on reproductive development was more drastic for severe drought than moderate drought.
To focus on the effects of drought treatment on reproductive development, we sowed one seed in each pot and allowed the plants to grow under well-watered conditions (90% water content) until bolting stage (about 24 days after planting), when the plants had an average height of about 1 cm and 8 9 rosette leaves.
These pervasive effects of parental care on reproductive development in the offspring may reflect a process whereby natural selection has shaped the offspring to respond to subtle variations in parental care as a forecast of the environmental conditions they will ultimately face following independence from the parent [7], [82].
To further examine the effects of varying drought on reproductive development, we counted the number of accumulated flowers on the main stem under various drought treatments.
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