This is true, since even if governments do not adopt perfectionist measures, the unintended consequences of state action will have effects on citizen preferences for options and on the relative costs of the different options that they confront.
The PEI index was based mainly on evidence reviews and recommendations on the empowering factors of policies by the UK government, WHO and the World Bank (3– 5, 8, 11, 16), and it assessed the policy effects on citizen and community participation, capacity and social capital development, as well as its adaptability to local contexts.
These actions have a chilling effect on citizens' rights to express their grievances peacefully".
"The court has given no guidance on how judges should interpret potential biases, so this ruling will have a chilling effect on citizens engaging in independent speech," Bradley A. Smith, the chairman of the Center for Competitive Politics, said in a statement.
But the meetings on Saturday were aimed at a Russian audience and seemed to carry the message that Russia's alienation from Western governments would have no real effect on citizens' lives.
Different ways of spending (i.e. different managerial choices of resources' allocation) appear to produce an effect on citizens.
Unless they are strictly limited to clear cases of criminality, they have a chilling effect on citizens who might otherwise join the protest.
A letter from United States Senators to a private citizen that includes the words "please consider correcting... .. has an inevitable chilling, coercive and intimidating effect on citizens, including a private film company, a screenwriter and a film director.
"There would be an enormous chilling effect on citizens' fundamental right to petition their government if other federal agencies emulate the rules the Services are proposing here," they wrote.
In short, English libel law has a chilling effect on citizen journalism on the other side of the planet.
