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(1) The first phase consisted of a systematic review of literature reporting on the effects of case management on home-dwelling patients with dementia.
Admixture effects on case-control association analysis can be controlled using the program STRAT [ 29] by conditioning the analysis on the ancestry proportions, i.e., structured association (SA) analysis (separately for EAs and AAs).
Publications on the effects of case management for people with dementia are limited in number [ 7- 20].
Univariate and multivariate analyses revealed no significant effect on case fatality rate when a macrolide/β-lactam regimen was used as initial therapy.
By contrast, DOTS expansion had no effect on case detection.
One possibility would be that DOTS population coverage itself has an immediate negative effect on incidence, which exactly balances a positive DOTS effect on case detection rate.
With respect to this possibility, CD14 and TLR4 polymorphisms could even have a positive effect on case fatality rate of IMD.
Since WHO does not systematically report on changes in reporting modalities, it is impossible to exclude the possibility that reporting changes in other countries may be affecting our results; however, this would result in upward bias, not downward bias, and thus would not explain our finding that DOTS has no effect on case detection.
However, a review by Pimouguet et al. [ 29] found an early time effect on case management under a year and then less of an effect later on.
This might be explained by the fact that most alcohol abusers were also smokers, and the effect on case fatality may thus result from smoking, not alcohol itself.
To ascertain whether scaling-up of the PPP model approach to engage private medical practitioners is feasible and has an effect on case notification rates.
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