Despite the well-documented effects of several causes of mass coral mortality, there is substantial evidence that coral communities remain resilient, often recovering in ten to thirty years after major disturbances [15], [47], [20], [39], [59].
This would provide a more direct test of whether people spontaneously use the noisy-OR integration rule when directly asked to predict the effects of several causes.
Unlike in Experiment 4B (also depicted in Figure 2) the pattern of choices was not influenced by the presence or absence of the 0% effective cause, suggesting that in this experiment participants did not average the effect of several causes.
Mill says that the essence of the mechanical mode is that the total effect of several causes acting in concert is identical to what would have been the sum of effects of each of the causes acting alone.
For, he tells us, "in social phenomena the Composition of Causes is the universal law" (Logic, VI, vii, 1), where the Composition of Causes is "the principle which is exemplified in all cases in which the joint effect of several causes is identical with the sum of their several effects" (Logic, III, vi, 1; italics added).
The primary differences were that we found that Br and OC, species often associated with traffic, and Na+, an ion often associated with marine aerosol, were effect modifiers of several causes of admissions.
In other words, the probability of the effect given several causes would be equal to the sum of the probability of the effect given each cause in isolation minus the overlap between those probabilities.
The lack of positive effects may have several causes.
Here, we perform a more comprehensive analysis of the effects of several mutations in seipin that cause lipodystrophy.
However, health insurance and sick leave pay cause consumer incentives to be reflected in moral hazard effects of several types.
Environmentally caused variations may result from one factor or the combined effects of several factors, such as climate, food supply, and actions of other organisms.
