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Stanley Presser, a past president of aapor and a professor of sociology at the University of Maryland, has spent much of his career studying the effects of question wording, and knows that they can be complicated and hard to predict.
To control for any potential effects of question difficulty, we entered question difficulty as a covariate in the analyses comparing performance across question types.
To calculate the Bayes factor for the effects of question type, we used the calculator provided by Rouder, Speckman, Sun, Morey, and Iverson (2009).
When evaluating item validity, it is important to study the effects of question context and wording.
However, no effects of question order were found in a previous telephone-based network scale-up survey in Italy (31).
We conducted 20 face-to-face interviews with students to further probe the effects of question wording on student responses.
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In addition, negative effects of questions requiring higher knowledge than his/her competency over a student's self confidence and morale are dismissed.
This allowed us to explore the delayed effects of questions that had been asked at the beginning and end of class (prequestions), versus questions asked only once at the end of class (new questions), and to compare performance on these questions to performance on questions from the same lesson that had not been asked before (quiz-only questions).
More recently, Yu and Liu studied the effects of question-posing as compared to question-answering during weekly post-lecture sessions in a cohort of 69 civil engineering sophomores [ 8].
Effect of question types on accuracy score.
Effect of question weight on accuracy score.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com