The effects of one-off events in April have depressed the overall quarterly growth rate.
Explanations for changes in TFP growth are often controversial, but China's turn-of-the-century slowdown coincided with sluggish rural income growth and widespread industrial inefficiency as well as the waning effects of one-off re-allocations of capital from state-owned to private enterprises.
Both were achieved using the full training sets with no outlier removal since in both cases, the EWMA smoothing is expected to minimise the effects of one-off outliers in the time series.
The effects of one-off educational programmes may dissipate in subsequent years if not reinforced and more evidence is needed for the long-term benefits 15; however, the results of lifestyle interventions in the short term are thought to be cost-effective 16.
Greece's consumer prices are now falling, as are Spain's if you exclude the effect of one-off tax increases.In America and northern Europe deflation is less of an immediate risk.
Environmental assessments are an ongoing phenomenon, not a series of one-offs, that have an enormous effect on scientific research agendas.
But a slim rise in retail sales in June is a hint that the effects of this one-off stimulus may already be fading.Another crutch for consumers has been the home-equity loan.
The first 20 aircraft were, in effect, a pre-production series and featured a number of "one-off" modifications such as blown flaps and area ruled fuselage.
Susan Lieberman, director of WWF International's species programme, said the illegal trade was of more concern than the effect of the one-off sale: "The sight of ivory openly and illegally on sale in many African cities is likely to be a far more powerful encouragement to those contemplating poaching and smuggling, than a strictly controlled one-off sale.
"They try to balance the effect of one with the other, the sedative taking the edge off the stimulant high".
Equally important, it is not clear how much of an effect a one-off rebate will have on consumption, or how quickly that effect will come through.
