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Cooperative communication can effectively mitigate the effects of multipath propagation fading by using relay channels to provide spatial diversity.
By employing the spatial diversity techniques, multiple transmit antenna arrays are known to perform better than the conventional single transmit antenna because the effects of multipath fading channels and interference can be more effectively exploited [1, 2].
Further, we implement multi-carrier modulation technique to mitigate the effects of multipath propagation.
The effects of multipath on the data are estimated by parameters for L1 and L2 (MP1 and MP2 respectively); see Estey and Meertens (GPS Solutions, 1999) for derivation.
In this section, we introduce the effects of multipath fading.
At some distances, the effects of multipath propagation and fading made the tag unreadable.
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This allows the HNN MLSE equalizer to mitigate the effect of multipath more effectively to produce better performance in sparse channels than in their corresponding equivalent dense channels.
However, as a limiting factor for further improvements in Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) high-precision positioning, the effect of multipath is also accentuated due to the measurement combination.
These estimators use channel estimation models in order to counteract the effect of multipath.
In Section 'Combined effect of multipath and nonlinearity', the two threats are jointly considered.
Figure 2 shows the effect of multipath on the carrier phase measurement in the absence of noise [8]. Figure 2 Effect of multipath on carrier phase in a GPS receiver [8].
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