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To further minimize the effects of indication bias, we only included elective patients undergoing two procedures (hip and knee arthroplasty) that are highly standardized and relatively homogenous.
However, we reduced the possible effects of indication bias by excluding patients who received NAB before microbiological results had become available and by adjusting for potential confounding variables, such as disease severity and Candida load.
The effects of indication, age groups, dose range, route of administration and duration of treatment on risk of AEs in the fluconazole groups against the active comparator were assessed using random effect models.
In this study, care was taken to select groups of women that were comparable to account for any possible effects of indication; two comparator groups were selected, with both groups consisting of women who had previously had or currently had an indication for antilipaemic medication treatment.
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To reduce the effect of indication bias, we calculated the score only for patients applicable for all six measures.
It removes the effects of fixed cofounders and largely removes the effect of indication bias, although it could still be susceptible to ascertainment bias.
This association, however, was modified by the presence of fever, suspected infection and lesser illness severity and may represent the effect of indication bias.
Heterogeneity between studies limits conclusions on the effect of indication for intubation, intubator experience, medications utilized to facilitate intubation, and management strategies used for PIHI.
Poisson regression analysis was used to test the effect of indication, age groups, dose groups, route of administration and duration of treatment on incidence of AEs and hepatotoxicity in the fluconazole group.
Confounding by indication occurs when the effects of treatment indication are ignored, or in general, when factors that may be a consequence of a condition are instead treated as potential causes of that condition [ 14, 15].
Additionally, the filtering was extended to disqualify contraindications and secondary effects of the indication to the drug in question.
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