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QAREL is an 11-item checklist that covers 7 key domains, those being the spectrum of subjects; the spectrum of examiners; examiner blinding; the order effects of examination; the suitability of the time-interval between repeated measurements; appropriate test application and interpretation; and appropriate statistical analysis.
In an attempt to study the perception of university students on the causes and effects of examination malpractices in Nigerian Educational System, two research questions were raised and analysed for possible answers using a survey research design method.
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Current recommendations [ 2] and recent evidence [ 15] should minimize the adverse effects of examinations in the future.
Here, we assessed the effect of examination stress on IOP in 33 university students.
However, the effect of examination grades on improvement in test scores was significant from baseline to post-test 1 (p = 0.007), but was not significant from baseline to post-test 2 (p = 0.22).
Multivariate Cox's proportion hazard regression was used to examine the effects of CT examination on the risk of cancer compared with the unexposed cohort, as shown using hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).
The effect of LHP®cream treatment (LHP), petrolatum (P) or untreated (U) on the outcome was analyzed with mixed linear regression methods, where the model included the fixed effects of treatment, examination day, the interaction between treatment and examination day, and the random effect of horse, to account for the repeated observations on horse.
The hospital volume effect on examination of ≥12 LNs has been emphasized recently [ 23, 34].
We used the baseline examination results to minimize the potential effects of serial examinations on health behaviors and medical treatment.
Effects of annual examinations were assessed using instrumental variables.
Because we used the baseline data from the control Massachusetts firefighters, we minimized the effects of serial examinations on health status.
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