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As it turned out, the effects of defeat did not last long: under Bersani, the party ran a lacklustre general election campaign and squandered its chances of a commanding majority in parliament.
Witte was also instrumental in concluding arrangements in 1906 with a group of European bankers for a series of loans that restored Russian finances, which were in a state of virtual collapse through the effects of defeat in the Far East and the widespread revolts of 1905.
Life in Nsara (and all the Muslim nations) becomes increasingly difficult as they face the effects of defeat in the war.
Blood samples were collected to assess sex differences and effects of defeat on corticosterone levels.
The effects of defeat in females were limited to social contexts, as there were no differences in exploratory behavior in the open field or light-dark box test.
It should be noted that defeat experience may negatively alter subsequent social interaction within the home cage, which could compound the effects of defeat alone on later non-social behaviors such as spatial working memory.
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Furthermore, we have shown that the fitness cost to the pathogen increases with the number of virulences, which could be an argument to build R-gene pyramids and benefit from a lower fitness of multi-virulent isolates (i.e. residual effects of defeated R-genes [ 44]).
This effect of defeat was not observed in males.
Future functional studies are needed to test whether the BNST and amygdalar nuclei mediate the effect of defeat on social interaction responses.
In follow-up experiments we have observed that ovariectomy diminishes corticosterone responses to social defeat, as well as ameliorating the effect of defeat on social interaction behavior (Trainor, Silva, Takahashi & Knoblauch unpublished), suggesting that ovarian hormones are involved in mediating sex differences in response to defeat.
It looks a little like a weather map, but has the net effect of defeating the the larger concept being espoused.
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