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The effects of BS on fracture healing have been investigated after administration of clodronate, alendronate, etidronate, and incadronate [4, 5, 6].
It is conceivable that differences in lifestyle between these groups could influence exposure or that there is increased susceptibility in older age, leading to differential observed effects of BS on CDPs.
Table 3 compares selected estimates of the short and medium-term effects of BS on mortality from Table 2 with estimated long-term effects in the same cohorts, obtained from proportional hazards modeling (Yap et al. 2012).
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In contrast, Briggs et al. [13] modelled the effects of Bd on population dynamics and predicted population persistence if some infected individuals survive.
To our knowledge, very little information is available on the ameliorative effects of B on Al-induced inhibition of photosynthesis.
These effectors are referred to as "crinkler" proteins because of their association with cell death and leaf crinkling, which parallels the effects of Bd on amphibian skin [ 17].
In support, a number of studies in frogs and toads have reported subclinical effects of Bd on tadpole growth [ 25- 28], as well as adult body size [ 29] and body condition [ 30].
Analytical transmission electron microscopy showed no effect of B on the alumina scale microstructure and only minor effects on the depth of internal oxidation at 1100 °C.
The effect of B on stabilizing the multiphase microstructure of TiN, TiB2 and BN was elucidated and explained on the basis of structural and thermodynamic stability.
The effect of B on the bonding features is also discussed, the anti-bonding CoB may suggest that B has little effect on improving the ductility of Co3Ti alloy.
The presence of all the alloying elements considered can inhibit B GB segregation to some extent due to the higher segregation energies and can impair the enhancement effect of B on GB cohesion.
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