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Although our results did not exclude other effects of AGEs such as protein crosslinking, we clearly demonstrated that AGEs-RAGE interaction is involved in AGE-induced synaptic injury.
It is known that receptor for AGEs (RAGE) is a multiligand receptor expressed on many cells and mediates the most biological effects of AGEs [ 24].
Since accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) could reflect cumulative historical diabetic exposure, and thereby, play a role in various diabetes and/or aging-associated disorders [ 2, 8, 9], blockade of harmful effects of AGEs might be a novel therapeutic target for organ protection in diabetes.
Further, we investigated the effects of AGEs on DPP-4 expression in, and soluble DPP-4 release from human cultured proximal tubular epithelial cells.
However, little research has focused on the cytotoxic effects of AGEs on β-cell.
The effects of AGEs are mediated by interaction with or uptake by RAGE.
We next tested the effects of AGEs exposure on the cardiomyocyte viability.
Effects of AGEs on the secretion of above cytokines were determined in supernatant fluids by ELISA.
The direct effects of AGEs include protein glycation and crosslinking, which affect normal protein physiological functions.
Harmful effects of AGEs were predominantly observed in large vessels [ 26- 28].
Direct effects of AGEs include formation of extracellular cross-links that may trap various unrelated macromolecules.
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