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However, given that these potential confounders are likely endogenous, one may worry about spillover bias.8 To rule out an effect of neighborhood deterioration we also estimate effects from models that omit the economic development variables.
We then compared the estimates of imprinting effects from Models 6 and 9 and dominance effects from Models 6 and 5.
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A cross-sectoral analysis of the policy effects from Model 2 also reveals that most labor market transitions take place in the private sector, where there is a greater availability of jobs and lower hourly wages than the public sector.
These values were drawn from normal distributions with mean 0 and variances identical to the estimates of the random effects from model I.
These values were drawn from normal distributions with mean 0 and variances identical to the estimates of the random effects from model II.
In the fully saturated model 6, we included the random effects from model 1 as well as neighborhood, residential, and temporal covariates from models 3 5.
When one compares the magnitude of the parameter estimates for community effects from Model 2 and estimates for typical couple-level variables, it can be tempting to conclude that community effects are unimportant for divorce decision making.
Using the spatial analyst function in ArcGIS (ESRI, Redlands, CA), we estimated Moran's I statistic of spatial autocorrelation and confirmed that household-level random effects from model 1 were independent.
Table 3 then shows the estimates for the neighbourhood deprivation fixed and interaction effects from model 2, which included social class, age group, gender, the interaction between age group and gender and the other confounding variables.
To elaborate sources of confounding, we fitted models with different combinations of covariates and compared the effect from models with and without the covariate of interest.
The first discusses a type of the models and the second evaluates the effect from model misspecification by stimulation, assuming that the ZLS model is true.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com