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(2.3) The expression (frac{x}{m+x}) models the mechanism of Allee effects for population x.
In some countries, intakes by this route may approach the levels that can give rise to adverse health effects for population groups with a high consumption of these food items.
Second, modeling approaches can be used to generate hypotheses about the longer-term consequences of the observed transgenerational effects for population persistence and change over generations in the population-mean phenotype and allele frequencies.
First, the distribution of unadjusted PD exposures was normalized through a quarter root transformation (other data sets could require different transformations to normalize), and an ANOVA model with fixed main effects for population strata (i.e. age-sex group, region, race and origin) was fitted to the transformed exposure data in order to calculate estimates of the variance components.
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Numerous health studies conducted worldwide suggest an increase in the occurrence of adverse health effects for populations living, working, or going to school near large roadways.
Only four populations exhibited a consistent relationship across ratings and environments (no effects for populations 11 and 22; linear effects for populations 8 and 26).
Dependence solely upon environmental factors can expose species to biased sex ratios, with potentially harmful effects for populations (Stelkens and Wedekind 2010).
Genetic models partitioning additive and non-additive genetic effects for populations tested in replicated multi-environment trials (METs) in a plant breeding program have recently been presented in the literature.
Our results highlight the much higher relative importance of road mortality than the barrier effect for population size and persistence, and the importance of assessing relevant species traits for effective long-term transportation planning and conservation management.
Consequences of the Allee effect for population dynamics depend on its strength.
Models that included a random effect for population are highlighted with an asterisk.
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