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Control groups with an active intervention, however, involve the risk that effects cannot be distinguished.
Since in emersion experiments only a final situation is analyzed, the relative influence of surface reactivity and subsequent solvation effects cannot be distinguished easily, while model experiments give clear information on reaction products formed intermediately.
An important drawback of tetrazolium-based tests is that the difference between cytotoxic (cell death) and cytostatic (reduced growth rate) effects cannot be distinguished [20].
Furthermore, direct and indirect effects cannot be distinguished, and in some cases, these discrepancies may interfere with the deduced biological information.
Measurements of Ktrans will reflect changes in blood flow, blood volume, endothelial permeability and endothelial surface area and these individual effects cannot be distinguished.
Under the current study's conditions, UV-A and UV-B radiation effects cannot be distinguished; however, a higher inductive effect of UV-B radiation on flavonols accumulation has been shown in previous studies despite they hold higher UV-A than UV-B radiation-screening capacity [ 27].
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Nonetheless, erosion processes were not extraordinarily high during this period and a climate effect cannot be distinguished.
Since the distinct influences of these two characteristics (additional supplementation and route of administration) on the treatment effect cannot be distinguished, no definitive conclusions can be drawn from this analysis.
Since there were no significant differences in patient characteristics that might explain this difference in outcome, these findings suggest that 2 Hz EA may produce a transient relief or delay the onset of postoperative pain in patients who have undergone TKA, though the effect cannot be distinguished from the placebo response.
The goal would be to identify novel genetic associations with weak effects, which cannot be distinguished from spurious associations (due to low power) using a standard GWAS approach alone.
However, the sample size diminishes considerably due to the lack of available comparative heart disease data and as a result the confidence intervals are broad enough to where the effect size cannot be distinguished from that in high income countries.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com