In this particular case, Hoeft and her colleagues can't yet separate cause and effect: Were certain children predisposed to develop strong white-matter pathways that then helped them to learn to read, or was superior instruction and a rich environment prompting the building of those pathways?
The officials' decisions could be debated, but their effect was certain and, for the Bears, brutal.
One effect is certain: Homeland Security spending has been a pump-primer for local governments starved by the recession, and has dramatically improved emergency response networks across the country.
A threshold exists if there is no effect below some exposure level, but above that level the effect is certain to occur.
Heat stress and the effects of hyperthermia are certain to become more common as the world heats up over the next century.
In addition, there are not enough studies on the effect of non-pharmacological interventions on inflammatory biomarkers in healthy individuals, and we are unable to compare these effects and be certain that the effects reported here are related to FM.
While epidemiologists are still quantifying the different effects of noise irritants, there are certain legal distinctions, says Tony Lewis of the Chartered Institute of Environmental Health.
"There are certain visual effects applications that are very keen for GPU," says Dominick Spina, Nvidia's senior technology product manager.
As these reductions go into effect, more and more physicians are certain to stop taking new Medicare patients.
The literature indicates that the investigated symptoms and adverse effects are, to a certain extent, related to DA dysfunction in certain areas.
