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Natural killer (NK) cells are an important effector lymphocyte population in anti-tumor and anti-infection immunity8.
Interleukin-2 (IL-2) exerts crucial functions during immune homeostasis via its effects on regulatory T (Treg) cells, and the optimizing and fine-tuning of effector lymphocyte responses.
In case of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, it has been demonstrated that at a single cell level a mouse effector lymphocyte can kill one target and has the potential to recycle and kill up to six targets in a sequential manner [3].
Current data point to an inhibitory signal that specifically affects effector lymphocyte proliferation, and is distinct from tumour-associated mechanisms capable to inactivate DCs.
DCs play a critical role not only in processing and presenting antigens to naive TCD4 cells but also in secreting cytokines such as IL-12 that induce Th1 effector lymphocyte differentiation.
The exposure of effector precursors to this extrafollicular tissue niche could provide major extrinsic factors that determine the observed interclonal and, perhaps, intraclonal variability in effector lymphocyte fates that is independent of their intrinsic TCR-peptide:MHC affinity and dwell time (Plumlee et al., 2013; Tubo et al., 2013).
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IL-15 superagonist shows promising advantages over monomeric IL-15 such as sustaining high circulating concentrations due to prolonged half-life and more potently stimulating NK and CD8+ T effector lymphocytes.
Serum obtained 24 h after C. parvum injection had a similar suppressive effect on Ts but no effect on T effector lymphocytes of delayed-type hypersensitivity (TDH 3 Inhibition of Ts by this serum could be neutralized by an anti-interferon globulin4.
In this approach, re-programmed T- and NK cells expressing such CR (aka 'T-bodies'), derived from the patient's own PBL combine the ability of effector lymphocytes to reject foreign or infected tissues with the anti-cancer specificity of antibodies to recognize surface antigens with pre-defined specificity and in a non-MHC restricted manner.
NK cells are innate effector lymphocytes that are capable of inducing granule-mediated cytotoxicity by expressing perforin and granzymes, as well as producing IFNγ and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) (Herberman et al., 1975a; Herberman et al., 1975b; Kiessling et al., 1975a; Kiessling et al., 1975b; Vivier et al., 2011).
Naive lymphocytes, when stimulated by an antigen, develop into memory lymphocytes, which subsequently differentiate into effector lymphocytes.
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