We propose to refer to these drugs as promoter drugs, and as effector drugs to drugs that have direct antitumor effects.
The user may choose to include all types of molecules (GPCRs, G-proteins, effectors, drugs related to GPCRs, drugs related to G-proteins and drugs related to effectors) in the network or some of them.
AFM by itself, or along with other complementary techniques (m-AFM), would enable investigators to understand the structure function of both the targets and effectors (drugs) at their molecular scale.
The complex effects of drugs at multiple receptor subtypes in multiple tissues have made it difficult to isolate the relative contributions of GPCR regulation, ligand binding, effector coupling, drug metabolism, and cellular downregulation machinery.
With them it has been relatively straight forward to demonstrate that a particular molecule (i.e. P-glycoprotein or p53) is the effector of drug resistance, due to the ease of performing knockout or ectopic expression experiments.
Serum albumin is a major pharmacokinetic effector of drugs.
This multi-faceted nature of exosomes hold great promise for improving cancer treatment featuring them as novel diagnostic sensors as well as therapeutic effectors and drug delivery vectors.
Now, it is understood that proapoptotic homodimers affect cisplatin-induced apoptosis by first stimulating the mitochondria to release cytochrome c, which in turn activates a series of proteases that includes caspase-1, -3, and -9 [ 84, 89– 91] which are the final effectors of drug mediated apoptosis.
If so, this could greatly decrease the likelihood that identified genes could be potential novel and specific effectors of drug action, and also diminish the chance that identified associations would translate into clinically useful aids in directing therapies to susceptible tumors.
In this model (Fig. 4), all pathways might be grouped into drug effector and non-effector pathways.
